Lord chancellor of England

Wrote Novum Organum (instrument) of 1620, science could not advance unless it departed entirely from the inherited errs of the past and established “progressive stages of certainty”

Used Empirical knowledge and inductive methods

Thought collective scientific research and observation would produce useful knowledge and result in bettering the human lot

Novum Organum was intrepid ships venture out beyond the Pillars of Hercules in to a fathomless sea in pursuit of unknown but great thing to come.

Shift from over-reverence for past

Practical orientation, not abstract

Non-magical: rational approach

Thought to be the only valid means for pursuing research in all areas of human inquiry.

Theory of science

Copernicus theory

Polish astronomer

Made 1^{st major break from ancient Greek science}

“On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”

Theorized that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe.

French philosopher (1596-1650)

Rationalist and champion of mathematics

Wrote discourse on method (1637)

In book, the first and second rules

Contribute to the discrediting of all the faulty science of the ancients.

His view was Mind belonged to man alone, and all else was matter

Swedish botanist Karl von Limmé, commonly known by his Latin name

He formulated the basic system of plant and animal classification that remains in use today.

“Linnaean order” animal, vegetable, and mineral; within the first two there are classes “genera” and species.

Greatest scientist of all time

Unattractive personality “secretive, petty and vindictive”

He showed that light behaves differently when filtered through different media, and hence offered an interpretation of light as a stream of particles that solidly established optics as an empirical branch of physics

Discovered Calculus

Newton’s supreme accomplishment lay in his formulation of the law of universal gravitation

Combined Copernican astronomy with Galileo’s physics

Arrived to a single law

This law was employed immediately to predict the ebb and flow of tides

“The most stupendous single achievement of the human mind”

Italian physicist and astronomer

Developed the theory of inertia and described the laws that dictate the movement of falling bodies

He public support of Copernicus disturbed Catholic clergymen and theologians

The church condemned Copernicus disturbed Copernican theory in 1616 and forced Galileo to renounce many of his ideas in 1632.

Religious outlook, which assumed that God existed but having once created a perfect universe, no longer took an active interest in it.

God was thought of as a “divine clockmaker”

(1632-1704) Extremely influential theory of knowledge

Essay concerning human understanding (1690) stated that the human mind at birth is a “blank tablet” upon which nothing is inscribed: not until the infant experiences life that the infant begin have senses.

Meaning philosopher

France was the dominant country in 18th century Europe and was the center of the enlightenment movement

A little misleading because with the exception of Hume and Immanuel Kan, most were publicists who aimed to reform society by popularizing the new scientific interpretation of the universe and apply the “scientific method”

Prince of the philosophers was the Frenchman Francois Marie Arouet, who called himself Voltaire

Written and main contributor was Denis Diderot

Meant to combine all the most advanced contemporary philosophical, scientific, and technical knowledge, with article written by all the leading philosophers of the day.

First appeared between 1751 and 1772

7 large volumes and 11 more illustrative plates

Diderot threw his nose up at religion, in which caused controversy

“Last of the Philosophes”

Brilliant mathematician

Best known as the most extreme enlightenment exponent of the idea of progress

Wrote outline of the progress of the human mind (1794). The book stated progress in the past had not been uninterrupted. Human’s life span will be increased and become more health with the improvement of medicine.

Wrote sketch of the progress of the human mind, which traces human progress in 10 stages from the dawn of history to the France revolutionary war.

Died after coming out of hiding during French revolutionary war

Classic expression of “lasissez-faire” economics*.

Strongly opposed to any governmental intervention in economic affairs

Believed in allowing individuals to pursue their own interests without competition from state-owned enterprises or legal restraints.

Believed in economic growth

Free competition

The dominate art style in France

Louis 8th was determined to make sure that France cultivated its own characteristic national style for reasons of state. Preferences tended toward the grand and sober, the symmetrical qualities of classicism seemed to complement best the highly symmetrical natural order.

French political thinker

Wrote The spirits of Laws (1748)

Sought to discover the ways in which differing environments and historical and religious traditions influence governmental institutions.

External conditions force humans to behave in different ways and that there is nothing they can do about this

Latin word meaning “Blank Tablet” from John Locke point of view